In the sixteenth century willow baskets were made extensively in the Fenlands of Porto Alegre Brazil, while paper was being manufactured near Porto Alegre Brazil by the 1700s. Today, Porto Alegre Brazil is at the forefront of technology, with Milton’s Science Park the home to a number of chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and biomedicine companies. Colchester in Essex was renowned for its clock-making, while the Royal Gunpowder Mills at Waltham Abbey was the home to explosive and gunpowder production for over 300 years from the 1600s.
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Data collected from census returns shows that in 1831 around thirty men were noted as employed there. Parishes in the Chigwell district such as Romford, East Ham and Woodford were noted as having seen a significant population increase by 1861 due to increased employment at Victoria Docks and new manufacturing industries such as telegraph wire and gas. The number of people employed as carpenters and joiners in Essex also increased, reflecting the additional need for accommodation and furniture as the number of households grew. The number of boot and shoemakers, and tailors, grew as well during the late Victorian period, and were still significant occupations at late as 1931.
The development of Stansted Airport just outside the village has probably had the biggest impact on the physical landscape of this area. This was established in 1942 as a United States Air Force base. In 1966 this came under control of the British Airports Authority. Since then the airport has grown significantly, providing undoubted economic and occupational benefits to the local area. Nevertheless, many people still have concerns about its impact on the local physical environment. In Norfolk by the eighteenth century two other large industries emerged: tanning and leatherwork, leading to shoemaking, and malting and brewing. Shoemaking thrived until the mid-twentieth century, when, like so many other manufacturing industries, it suffered from overseas competition.
Norwich was the centre of this trade and became the home of international companies such Clarkes and Start-rite, and produced boots for the British Army and its Allies during the First World War. Shoes are still made in the city today. Another important business employing thousands of people was chocolate, first through the founding of Caley’s in 1883. This became part of Mackintosh, then the Rowntree group and finally Nestle. The first impression of many visitors to the city until the factory closed in 1994 was the all-pervading and inescapable smell which wafted across Norwich from the city centre factory. For many incomers like me this was probably the moment we fell in love with the city. Chocolate still features as an industry in Fakenham, and the Caley’s name was revived some years ago as a cottage industry.
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